Engineering - Anaerobic Digestion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Designing - Anaerobic Digestion - Essay Example Driving in the Go Green, battle is biogas. Biogas is characterized as a blend of carbon dioxide and methane gas, which is sourced from the breakdown of natural issue, typically squander, in a procedure alluded to as anaerobic assimilation. The procedure is a strategy by which crude biogas is changed over into cleaner, effective and simpler utilized vitality sources. Arranging a biogas plant Designing a biogas plant is a building issue that must be drawn nearer by considering all the operational, monetary, ecological and manageability conditions. Before structuring the biogas plant in the Middle East, the specialist needs to first participate in quite a while, which are conceptualized thoughts, however not appropriate for any one given application. In arranging, a portion of the contemplations to investigate incorporate the normally happening assets, farming turn of events, social shows, client vitality prerequisites and conceivable building site. Cautious arranging is important to di spense with present and aggregate or multiplier impacts on the structure. As a biogas digester (creation unit) is an expensive venture, it can't be basically set up as a transitory station. Structure The plan of the biogas unit is reliant on the conditions a given society postures to the goal. A biogas unit is influenced by various conditions, for example, the natural conditions, plan and financial lead of the individuals of that locale. The decision of the structure is dictated by the states of the picked site. Planning a biogas unit in the Middle East is a summed up thought, to think of an ideal unit, the architect needs to break down the conditions and difficulties a given site gives. Similarly as any framework, the biogas creation plat is influenced by the information and any extra aggravations, which are reflected in the yield (which for our situation is biogas). States of being Physical conditions are one of the most powerful factors with regards to structuring and setting up a biogas digester. Since the anaerobic procedure of biogas creation is very touchy to temperature, at that point care ought to be taken in thinking about the atmosphere of a given region. Different conditions separated from the atmosphere of an area that might be put to test incorporate the dirt conditions, the feedstock or substrate for absorption, and the accessible structure material. The plan contemplations as far as the substrate and size of the digester are controlled by the customers just as the accessible structure material. Protection of the digester happens to be the primary thought in setting up the plant. The anaerobic procedure works at temperatures of somewhere in the range of 30 and 60 C. keeping the temperature between these cutoff points is of extraordinary need to guarantee that the microorganisms engaged with the assimilation procedure lives, for high or low temperature prompts their demise. Aptitudes and work Another necessity in planning is abilities and work. T he innovation associated with setting up a biogas plant is modern and requires abilities from both the constructors and fashioners. The intricacy of the structure as a rule directs the sort and level of ability engaged with the development procedure. Contingent upon the size, separation and expenses, the biogas digester might be pre-assembled or made in-situ. Normalization Although plants might be intended to fit the necessities of a given shopper, there is a requirement for normalizing the structure.

Poly

Conceptual It is anticipated that poly-substance misuse is the significant reason for misery in light of the fact that there are high possibilities that a discouraged individual is a continuous client of poly-substances. Poly-substance misuse powers individuals to forsake their social jobs, which lead to discouragement. This paper takes a gander at the manners by which poly-substance misuse is identified with depression.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Poly-Substance Abuse in Adolescent Males with Depression explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The paper takes a gander at the manner by which poly-substance misuse achieves despondency in pre-adult guys. The article recommends a quantitative report that would be basic in social occasion significant information identified with the connection among misery and medication misuse. In the ensuing segment, the proposition recommends an information investigation strategy that utilizes measurements I ntroduction Poly-substance maltreatment in juvenile guys with despondency is normal in numerous social orders. Winters and Latimer (2004) directed an investigation, which built up that poly-substance misuse influences every single ethnic gathering implying that it doesn't influence just certain social groupings. This quantitative investigation centers around the connection between poly-substance maltreatment in immature guys and discouragement. By definition, poly-substance misuse alludes to the designed admission of a substance (sedate) that is normally taken either in enormous or little amounts. The substance can influence the conduct and activities of people. The substance is typically utilized unlawfully utilizing unapproved techniques implying that it would change the disposition of the person. It ought to be noticed that poly-substance misuse isn't confined to those that change the disposition of the individual or those that initiate the mental procedures. Competitors are gene rally answered to utilizing drugs that invigorate their muscles and give them extra vitality. This is likewise viewed as medication misuse since it changes the working of the body and the mind, which influences the mental procedures. Ksir (2002) saw that the utilization of illegal medications, for example, opiates, energizers, and depressants are a portion of the instances of poly-substance misuse. Poly-substance misuse is straightforwardly identified with sadness in light of the fact that the individuals who use drugs are consistently hopeless when contrasted with non-clients of medications. Individuals endure sincerely because of the admission of unlawful medications. For example, competitors are normally grabbed their awards because of doubt of poly-substance misuse. Research holes in writing, which is identified with the connection between substance misuse and wretchedness, exist. Issue Statement In human life, there are minutes that an individual feels befuddled and miserable. This is a typical inclination, yet its steadiness is viewed as an indication of melancholy. Sorrow happens when a male youthful loses something that he esteems such a great amount in his life. Here and there, a pre-adult could be discouraged in the wake of experiencing an unpleasant occasion or event.Advertising Looking for explore paper on brain science? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At times, sadness influences the ordinary existence of the youthful male since he can't execute his obligations in a manner that befits him. This may prompt a mental issue alluded to as the significant burdensome issue (MDD), additionally alluded to as clinical melancholy. Along these lines, there is need of setting up the degree at which poly-substance misuse is identified with despondency. Obviously juvenile guys take part in poly-substance misuse in view of various reasons. Wretchedness is the significant reason in light of the fact that many feel disappointed to a degree of taking part in poly-substance maltreatment as a method of decreasing pressure. Mission statement various examinations have been led to find out the connection between poly-substance misuse and wretchedness. Each examination has been concentrating on specific gatherings, contingent upon the decision of the scientist. In this proposition, the impacts of poly-substance maltreatment in immature guys would be assessed. The fundamental reason for the proposition is to recommend a significant strategy that would accomplish wanted outcomes. The proposition gives a portion of the articles that would be basic in understanding the connection between poly-substance misuse and wretchedness in youthful guys. Aside from recommending a portion of the articles in the writing survey area, the proposition recommends a quantitative technique that will use the polls in social event pertinent information. The utilization of survey empowers the scientist to gather suf ficient data that is applicable to the examination. In doing this, the proposition looks to respond to various inquiries, including coming up next: Is poly-substance misuse the main source of sorrow among male youths? Whatever degree does substance misuse impact the conduct of an individual What are a portion of the substances that the immature guys much of the time misuse Hypothesis Male young people experience different difficulties, one of them being poly-substance misuse, which influences their conduct and state of mind. Poly-substance misuse is a significant reason for despondency in youthful guys in light of the fact that it influences their mental and social procedures. This causes discouragement on the grounds that the immature probably won't have the option to accomplish the normal outcomes attributable to poly-substance misuse. Writing survey Depression is the most essential angle that makes youthful guys to enjoy poly-substance misuse. Male teenagers express their downtur n in different manners. Poly-substance misuse brings down an individual’s level of judgment making the person in question to enjoy unsafe practices, for example, pre-marriage sex or in any event, turning out to be gay a viewpoint that builds their hazard to sicknesses, for example, HIV/AIDS among others.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Poly-Substance Abuse in Adolescent Males with Depression explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the examinations that Boys, Marsden, and Strang led in 2000 inferred that poly-substance misuse tremendously affects the life of youthful guys. The examination used a snowball testing strategy to reach at the resolution. The respondents noticed that a portion of the normally manhandled substances incorporate liquor, cannabis, and cocaine. Most of the members affirmed that they had really used the above substances to satisfy their deliberate substance use capacities. In another examination directed by Huba and Lisa (2000), it was set up that poly-substance misuse expands the danger of contracting HIV/AIDS. In their investigation, youthful Hispanic guys were bound to manhandle poly-substances while the Native American females were inclined to poly-substance misuse. Additionally, the investigation set up that the individuals who misuse drugs are probably going to take part in unprotected sex, which inclines them to the dangers of contracting HIV. It is essential that their examination results are illustrative of discoveries in clinical gay-cross-sexual male young people and may not hold for a similar gathering of male teenagers in the general cultural setting. Furthermore, extraordinary ethnic gatherings display differing frequencies of the association of discouraged youthful young men in poly-substance misuse. This was built up through an investigation completed by Winters and Latimer (2004) in their endeavor to discover the connection among Alcohol and different medications manha ndled in immature young men from various ethnic gatherings in the U.S. Poulin (2004) and different researchers examined the connection among discouragement and poly-substance maltreatment in male teenagers in the four Atlantic regions of Canada undoubtedly. Poulin’s test comprised of 12,771 understudies in both junior and secondary schools of the state funded schools in the four regions. They discovered that youthful guys were reliably at a higher danger of burdensome indications, burdensome scatters since they will in general disguise their issues more than others do. As indicated by their investigation, the predominance of raised side effects among male youths was 8.6% while that of the guys was 2.6%. Be that as it may, male young people are at a more serious danger of substance use issue than the immature females. Poulin (2004) discovered that various substances are utilized at various rates among male young people with wretchedness. The discoveries were like those of Nole n-Hoeksema’s (2001) who completed an investigation to portray how the various sexual orientations have various encounters most definitely. They distinguished the vast majority of the mishandled substances among male teenagers. They incorporate liquor, cigarettes, and cannabis.Advertising Searching for explore paper on brain science? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More They related the expanded utilization of these substances with an expanding likelihood of burdensome issue. They additionally noticed that smoking was the least controllable substance among the guys. They built up that burdensome manifestations and confusion are the significant indicators of smoking take-up in pre-adulthood as well as in adulthood. Beginning stage smoking represents a more serious hazard for extreme gloom manifestations than later beginning smoking. Then again, cannabis misuse was related with guys with had a past filled with melancholy issue. An approximated 16% of the individuals who had utilized cannabis at any rate once in their life were determined to have wretchedness contrasted with 6% of the male teenagers who had never utilized cannabis. They additionally discovered that the greater part of the understudies had melancholy side effects while others previously had sorrow issue however they had not gotten a lot of help structure the general public. Just 10.3% r evealed that they had gotten help for wretchedness. Their discoveries show that for the various degrees of misery just 12% of the understudies with to some degree raised burdensome side effects had gotten help so was 22% of the understudies who had extremely raised burdensome indications. Major depre

Sixth Grade Persuasive Essay Samples

Sixth Grade Persuasive Essay SamplesPersuasive essays are easy to write if you know the right sixth grade persuasive essay samples. Here's a look at some of the ones that you'll find to make your sixth grade persuasive essay easier to write. You can use these samples in sixth grade, middle school, or high school.First, you need to understand that you're not going to have a lot of choices when it comes to what materials you use for your sixth grade persuasive essay. Your school has chosen them as part of the writing assignments. The result is that they may not be very good, but it doesn't mean that you can't use them to your advantage.Second, here are some suggestions for sixth grade and seventh grade persuasive essays. You might want to consider writing short paragraphs, such as the ones you might write for a term paper. When writing these for your essays, don't just say the whole thing. Use long sentences and give the whole idea a brief explanation.Second, if you're still not sure t hat you can write a persuasive essay, consider using the traditional English essays, that are available through many publishers. It's also a good idea to have some study guides on how to write persuasive essays. There are many books on this subject that are available online, so look around and try to find the ones that will help you.Third, using these sixth grade persuasive essay samples can be the beginning of a new career as a persuasive essay writer. Even if you don't use the advice presented here in sixth grade, it's likely that you'll use it again. This is because it's been tried and tested by many other people and it's proven to work.Finally, you should understand that the way that your sixth grade persuasive essay looks is probably dependent on how you plan to use it. If you're going to use it to get a big grade or make a point, you might want to do things a little differently. But if you're writing for a class assignment, you'll probably be able to write about anything that you want.So all you have to do is write the persuasive essay and you'll get the grades you want. If you need a quick refresher course in persuasive essay writing, there are plenty of classes that are available online. These are usually great for quick refreshers and you should be able to pick up a few good strategies in just a few minutes.That is about all you need to know about how to write a persuasive essay. Sixth grade and seventh grade persuasive essays are easy to write once you've studied the right sixth grade persuasive essay samples.

Global Climate Changes Happen - 1630 Words

Global climate changes happen. This however is not always the best thing though. When some people think of the terms â€Å"global climate change†, they think of just a temperature change and not always the bad things that can happen to our environment and living things as well. There are many things that cause the climate changes. I want to talk about three reasons that climate change happens. First, you have the â€Å"greenhouse effect†, which is warm air being trapped in the lower atmosphere. Secondly, the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, increases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The third issue is deforestation, or the clearing of land and burning of forests. How are all three of these issues impacting our environment? The Earth is becoming warmer which can hurt certain places and animals who cannot adapt to the warmer weather. With more heat comes more evaporation causing the sea levels to rise. Also, farms are being hurt to not being able to successfully grow a lot of the things that they are used to growing with their climate. Some crops cannot live in warmer temperatures but instead need cooler climates. While the Earth is heating up, these crops are having a lot of difficulty surviving. I feel that the United States could be doing a lot more to help prevent the climate changes. Producing oil and coal to better our economy seems to be the main focus rather than making the changes necessary to take some effective action. Europe has more interestShow MoreRelatedHow Can An Injustice Be Changed?1186 Words   |  5 Pagesinjustice be changed? First, one must have the knowledge of the injustice. Global climate change is an injustice because it brings damage and harm to animal, human, and environmental habitats. â€Å"Global climate change affects Earth’s capacity to sustain life†. Global climate change refers to the alteration of the Earth’s atmosphere temperature (Glossary). Utilitarianism is a theory to find alternatives to combat global climate change. Utilitarianism focuses on the positives influences that come to the greatestRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On Our Planet s Ecosystem1173 Words   |  5 PagesMother Earth is burning as we speak; humanity has killed our precious Earth. Global-warming is a vicious killer that was created by the humans on this Earth, and there s no way to cure it. We, as humans, have the power to cleanse the Earth, but instead we destroy it. Heat is absorbed by carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases. A greenhouse gas absorbs thermal radiation emitted by the Earth s surface. As the sun s energy reaches the Earth’s surface, some of it is released into space, some is absorbedRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A True?1103 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is global warming? Global warming is a slow increase in the overall climate of the world s atmosphere normally associated with the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and other type of pollutions. Is it real? Scientist every day debate if global warming is a true factor or not. For example, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change wrote this on Climate Hot Map, Observational evidence from all continents and most oceans shows that many natural systems are beingRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The World856 Words   |  4 Pagessustainable place for future generations? Climate change is happening weather we like it or not, what are we going to do? Mahtma Ghandi once said â€Å" you need to be the change you wish to see in the world†. Climate change is causing unbelievably high levels of carbon dioxide , the global economy is estimated to drop by 23 percent by 2100. Our glaciers are melting at an unbelievable pace, Zacharie Isstrom is melting at a pace of 5 billion tons per year. Climate change has been changing for over 650’000Read MoreGlobal Warming And Global Climate Change1139 Words   |  5 Pages The topic of global climate change has been a much debated topic over the years. There is no real scientific consensus on global warming. However, much destruction has happened to the earth that questions the scientific or empirical link between extreme weather and global climate change. There are a lot of events that happens around the globe such as floods, increased precipitation, sea-level rise, and hurricanes that questions the theory of global climate change. Without any clear cut evidenceRead MoreGlobal Warming And The Warming1353 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming With it being the presidential election season the talk of global warming, also known as climate change has come up in conversation more. But should it be associated with whether you are republican or democrat? Global warming should not be rather you â€Å"believe† in because it is a stated fact. The definition by Oxford Dictionary declares that global warming is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect causedRead MoreClimate Change And The Quest For Clean Energy1604 Words   |  7 PagesClimate Change and the Quest for Clean Energy Final Exam YALE STUDENT ID: _______________914684600________________________ Part A (select one question to answer): 2. Maurice Strong (the Secretary General of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit) liked to distinguish between â€Å"success† and â€Å"real success† in international agreements. Discuss the 2015 Paris climate change agreement with regard to whether it represents success or real success. Last week at Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies,Read MoreGlobal Warming Is Not Only Affecting The Earth1451 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal warming is not only affecting the earth, but it is also affecting many animals at a very alarming rate. One species of animal that has been affected in a major way are seals. The species of seals consist of harp, hooded and ringed seals.The lives of seals are being threatened by the climate change that is happening throughout many arctic, antarctic regions, and other areas of the world. Due to climate change caused by global warming in the arctic and the antarctic regions, rapid ice loss hasRead MoreFacts About Global Warming and Climate Change869 Words   |  4 PagesFacts about Global Warming and Climate Change We know of no other habitable place in the universe comparable to planet earth. But the climate change poses obvious threat to all forms of life in the planet and no living creature is exempted. Extreme and unpredictable weather events and catastrophes are too overwhelming. Sometimes, people may need international aid to stand up. It’s quite alarming how global warming affects the world. Imagine the world’s coolest places, the Arctic and Antarctica withRead MoreThe Consequences And Extinction Of Animals By Climate Change Essay1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe Consequences and the Extinction of Animals By Climate Change â€Å"The warnings about global warming have been extremely clear for a long time. We are facing a global climate crisis. It is deepening. We are entering a period of consequences† (Al Gore). Global warming is a nationwide problem that is affecting people and the environment by the greenhouse gases. Global warming increases the atmospheric temperature. For instance, the solar radiation is reflected by the Earth’s atmosphere. Earth s surface

Art And Its Impact On Society - 2359 Words

Art as a realm possesses an untamed power to document, address and question. It is a liberating force that extends beyond the socio-political norms of its time. The unconscious aim of art is progress, through the means of deconstructing what is said to be normal. Arguably, art is a product of its culture; although, once it is created it becomes the means by which to shape it. A great work of art is reactionary, especially within a Western environment. This view became widely spread with the rise of Modernism. A progressive approach towards the arts and their impact, started to evolve by the middle of the 19th century. During the 1871 Paris Commune, ‘subversive art’ became a recreation of the revolutionary politics of the time, driven by a group of embattled artist (Levenson. 2011. p. 12). ‘The political desire to transform society met the aesthetic desire to represent and to circulate the signs of transformation’ (Ibid. p. 13); this reveals the relati onship of art with politics. This is due to the ability of art to speak a language that is not confined by any geographical borders and is by nature a liberated form of expression. Therefore, it can address and influence all those who are willing to witness and interpret. Alongside the creative authority of being an artist he or she is held accountable for the contextual essence of their work as the creator, especially in relation to political art (Cohen. 2015). Once an artwork adopts a political identity it createsShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of the Arts on Society1037 Words   |  4 PagesArt has been long seen as a prevailing influence on society and is increasingly developing every day. There have been many efforts taken to amplify systematic methods for assessing these influences. Many cities either highlight the arts or reduce these social inclusions. Some places go on to have academic achievements and economic development just to portray the existing arts in their cities. With all that being done, there is definitely an impact on social and community life whether that is a positiveRead MoreArt And Its Impact On Society1471 Words   |  6 Pages Art plays a very important role in our society, it is an opportunity to express what we fee l, what we think, what we hope, what we love or hate, what we want to change, how we visualize the future, and what motivate us. As humans we have the natural necessity to express and show those feelings. Art has existed throughout the years and across the world in some form or another. It is a part of our daily lives and has huge meaning to all the different cultures across the world. Read MoreA Work Of Art And Its Impact On Society1503 Words   |  7 PagesA work of art is something that touches the emotions of people. Without saying a word, art often speaks volumes to its viewers by challenging the current ideological orders, which are better known as the ways in which society thinks, acts, and functions on a daily basis. One of the most powerful art forms in terms of influencing society is a monument, which can be defined as a large manmade structure built to commemorate a significant person or event in history. Like all forms of art, monumentsRead MoreThe Importance Of Art And Its Impact On Society2506 Words   |  11 Pages Throughout history, one of the most expressive mediums through which humans can convey their thoughts is via art. Whether it is through sculpture, painting, or a print, an artist is capable of making a political statement or endorsing an idea simply by subtly alluding to it in their work. Alternatively, an artist can be forthri ght with their ideals as would have been the case for people such as the Dadaists. In any case, artists are able to support a lot more than just beauty in their work, andRead MoreAboriginal Art And Its Impact On Aboriginal Society2348 Words   |  10 PagesAustralian Indigenous art is the oldest ongoing tradition of art in the world. Initial forms of artistic Aboriginal expression were rock carvings, body painting and ground designs, which date back more than 30,000 years. The quality and variety of Australian Indigenous art produced today reflects the richness and diversity of Indifenous culture and distinct differences between tribes, languages, dialects and geographic landscapes. Art has always been an important of Aboriginal life, connection pastRead MorePostmodern Art And Its Impact On Modern Society2133 Words   |  9 PagesPostmodern art is typically anti-establishment and rebellious, the beginning of postmodern art can be found in the late 1950’s-1960’s altho ugh the term was first used around 1970. The movement differed from previous movements as it deliberately went against the rules, artists used many different disciplines within one piece of work. A core value of postmodern art is that it is for everyone and tries to be a connection between art and everyday life. Modernism triggered post-modernism, modernismRead MoreThe Impact Of Art On Society s Influence On Social Behavior, Reprehensible, Dirty, Nothing More Than Propaganda1939 Words   |  8 PagesSome people are advocates of the opinion that art designed to influence social behavior is reprehensible, dirty, nothing more than propaganda, and so on. However, it is impossible to present a complete picture of art if we ignore its function of a social protest; the history of art provides us with many examples. Painting can be an extremely powerful form of protest against inequity, atrocity or inequality. Traditionally, painting is usually supportive of the political needs of old-established orderRead MoreThe Real Life Application : Beauty Is One s Positive And Admiring Feeling Or Understanding Towards One Object794 Words   |  4 Pagesone object. In twenty first century, individuals are bonded with beauty that the society, or the shared knowledge, have agreed for trillion years, yet different people holds different opinion whether they admire an object or not. Therefore, I agree that beauty can have different interpretation based on the shared knowledge and personal knowledge that one experienced. Knowing that there are various interpretation of arts, the real life application that comes to my mind to ask â€Å"how do we weigh beauty†Read MoreArt Is A Catalyst Of Change1212 Words   |  5 PagesArt is a catalyst of change. It can confront both social and political issues as well as providing people with a creative outlet in which they can express their innermost thoughts an d feelings - but what effect can art have on our society as a whole? Artists today have the unique ability to connect with people in a creative, innovative way that they can understand and interpret themselves. With this ability, artists are able to express their own views as well as influencing the views of others. ArtRead MoreSociology Of Art : A Reader1625 Words   |  7 Pages Art holds a high position in the world and in society due to its use, such as documenting events in history with things like cave paintings and literature, and expressing oneself through art in religion and the things we envision, and what we want the world, our society, to be. When it comes to the question of which better effects which, in the terms of â€Å"...art...and society†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , it is clearly shown that the arts are highly affected by both societal and cultural constructs. And when it comes to

Different Types Of Relationships Within Our Lives

There are varying types of relationships that occur in our lives. These relationships can be with our friends, family, coworkers, classmates, and acquaintances. Not all of these relationships are good relationships. Even the relationships that we think are good can quickly or gradually change and fall into a bad relationship. Many theories have been established to help people navigate their way through it. Better yet by improving their relationships or terminating it. I will explain my own relationship that appears to have digressed to more of an acquaintances. My relationship is based on friendship that I have had with a guy named Ryan since I was 3 or 4 years old. We first met each other as little kids at the church nursery. As we grew†¦show more content†¦We both wanted to be Fire Fighters. That fact that there was a group of us who didn’t want to go to college at all, but wanted a form of a trade, which only increased our friendship. It seemed like within this sma ll group of friends we would hang out together forever. However, everything changed when my brother and I moved into our own place in High School. We developed this independence that most kids our age didn’t get to feel yet. Ryan happened to be the only other guy among our friends of achieving financial independence and leaving home. Once we graduated our class went on their senior trip while my brother, Ryan and I immediately attended PCC EMT certification program. We bonded a little more during that because we were the only three that didn’t go. But things didn’t seem to take the course that we thought that it would. After the first month (honeymoon stage) we started to notice things about each other that we never knew about. Tom and I enjoy socializing but we truly enjoyed our privacy and isolation. Ryan turned out was a very socially needy individual. After class we would go home and we would study and eat something. He always liked to cook, and made bizarre dishes. He would always ask us to taste. I would always decline because in my mind if I wanted it I would ask for some. He would say he was insulted in a jokingly manner but later he would say that it truly bothered him. After EMT school we were all working during the rest of the

Business Communication and Academic Writing - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Business Communication and Academic Writing. Answer: Rhetoric appeals are majorly three factors associated with the art of persuasion in advertising. Aristotle defined three elements of persuasion to the audiences, ethos, pathos and logos. Advertisers use the strategies to persuade the consumers to purchase their products and these strategies are categorised into three subdivisions, pathos, ethos and logos (Wysocki Lynch, 2017). Ethos means credible appeal to ethics and credibility of the speakers. The ethical appeal also means convincing the audiences by the character of the speakers (Weiss, 2015). The audiences of the advertisement tend to believe to the persons whom they respect. The advertisers need to project an impression to the audiences that this message or the speaker is worth listening to. In order to develop an ethos, language must be appropriate to subject and audience. The presentation of the message of the advertisement should be restrained, fair-minded and sincere. In the ethos, the diction is appropriate and the speakers use correct syntax and grammar. Pathos appeals to emotion of the audience and advertisement using pathos may attempt to provoke an emotional response among the consumers (Bharadwaj, 2017). This emotion can be positively related to happiness and advertisers also use the negative emotion of pain in the advertisement. Pathos in the advertisements also includes emotions of guilt and fear. In order to appeal to emotion, advertisers use vivid and concrete language and they provide emotional examples. The description in the advertisement is vivid and language becomes figurative. The words used in pathos message have connotative meaning. Logos appeal to the audiences using logic and reasoning. The advertisers use logos to provide the evidence and statistics that make understand the audiences about what the products or service can do. The logos of a message are the straight facts about any products (Hoefer Green, 2016). Logos advertisement has abstract language using precise words of choice. It can also use factual data and quotation. In modern business communication, advertisers use persuasive words and facts to allure the consumers to buy their services and products. Ethos includes testimonials and advertisers use celebrity faces to persuade the consumers to buy their products and services (Ramage, Bean Johnson, 2015). In many occurrences, advertisers use ethos to persuade the people in signing a petition, buying a service and doing business with them. In toothpaste advertising, Colgate uses the testimony of dentists and doctors that recommend the products to use their desired customers. Ethos refers to the reputation of the speakers and the advertisers also try to establish the goodwill of any celebrity to reassure the audience to purchase their products. Ethos appeals to fundamental rights when a celebrity protests against using fur coat because animals are killed to make the fur coat products. In recent times, business organisations give advertisements provoking the emotion of the consumers. Positive and happy emotion is used in Pepsi drink when they claim people enjoy themselves while drinking Pepsi. On the contrary, negative emotion is used in shampoo advertisements when a wife does not welcome her husband because the husband has dandruff on his shoulder. Advertisers use pathos to play on sadness and pathos also plays on artistic sensibility and nostalgia. Nestle has been using nostalgia sentiment to sell their noodles claiming it will remind the audiences of their mothers. Coca-Cola uses pathos to play on the sense of adventure and Burger King uses pathos to play on desire. Logos in an advertisement must sound factual and it must convey actual buzz words. In many of the advertisements, advertisers use the words like pure', natural' and freedom', however, technically these words mean nothing but jugglery. In many of the advertisements, advertisers include a fun statistic to enhance the factor of logos. As opined by White (2016), statistics make the message legitimate. In detergent powder advertisement, Tide uses the word more white' than other brands. Technically, this is complete nonsense and gimmick that attracts the customers. Some advertisements show the word like sophistication, however, it depends on the mentality of the audiences how they perceive the concept of sophistication. Fruit juice makers advertise and claim that it is natural to drink. It provides false hope to the people that nature makes people think that this drink is healthy. In advertisements of Pepsi, the advertisers claim that it tastes maximum, however, technically maximum means n othing and it uses to sounds good and catchy. In todays digital age, advertisements have become more expressive and vivid as advertisements are doing in many forms. Additionally, digital advertisements are seen more as it is less costly and firms are using these to promote their products through online marketing and social media marketing. This type of marketing gives the instant result to the firms and it helps to circulate the news faster (Wysocki Lynch, 2017). Logos seems to be most widely accepted, promoted as it emphasises on logical appeal. Logos effects on customers cognitive and rational choices. Moreover, logos come across as un-rhetorical and it never eliminates the persuasive effect of logical appeal. In addition, in case of ethos, it defines logical outcomes and the customers perception of the credibility. There are many factors that are associated with credibility like speech, body gesture, tone, speaking style and trustworthiness of the brands. The effect of ethos on audiences is related to demonstrate speakers re liability, respect and competence. Ethos evokes trust for the audiences as well as values and ideas. Finally, pathos in advertisements is like everyday experiences of emotions. Successful use of emotional appeal can affect the trial outcomes and it does not have a connection to logic and emotion. Pathos evokes an emotional response from the audiences and advertisers use pathos to encourage identification with the subject of the message. It has been observed that ethos, logos and pathos exist in today's world of business communication also and the level of existence is higher in digital communication age. Logos help more to the advertisers to reach to the customers easily with facts and figures. Today's generation believes in statistics and it is not easy to make fool of the educated customers in a digital age when the facts and information are in hand of the customers. Reference Bharadwaj, A. V. (2017). Constructing Communication Strategy Templates for Managerial Persuasion and Argumentation Cases.International Journal of Marketing Business Communication,6(1), 34-45 Hoefer, R. L., Green, S. E. (2016). A rhetorical model of institutional decision making: The role of rhetoric in the formation and change of legitimacy judgments.Academy of Management Review,41(1), 130-150. Ramage, J. D., Bean, J. C., Johnson, J. (2015).Writing Arguments: A rhetoric with readings. Sydney: Pearson. Tran, B. (2016). Ethos, Pathos, and Logos of Doing Business Abroad: Geert Hofstede's Five Dimensions of National Culture on Transcultural Marketing. InInternational Business: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, 5(4), 1601-1626 Weiss, J. N. (2015). From Aristotle to Sadat: A Short Strategic Persuasion Framework for Negotiators.Negotiation Journal,31(3), 211-222. White, M. S. (2016). Culture Propels the Intersection of Ethos, Pathos, and Logos with Innovation and Entrepreneurship.Journal of Systemics,14(3), 1-6. Wysocki, A. F., Lynch, D. A. (2017).Compose, design, advocate. Sydney: Pearson.

Preschool Boys Are More Aggressive than Their Female Peers

Table of Contents Introduction Methodology Results Discussion Reference List Introduction Masculinity is one of the components composing the image of the successful male. In its turn masculinity is characterized by a specific behavioral pattern where aggression plays a significant role. There can be no surprise that researchers have started exploring the origins of aggression.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Preschool Boys Are More Aggressive than Their Female Peers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Numerous surveys suggest that aggressive behavior is revealed in boys at a young age. Thus, many scholars have studied pre-school boys’ behavior and have come to the conclusion that at a young age boys are more aggressive than girls of the same age. However, it is possible to point out that while boys are more aggressive physically, girls may be also aggressive: girls may be characterized by relatio nal aggression. Many researchers agree that at a young age boys are more aggressive than girls of the same age (Bower, 2000; McGuire, 1973; Van de Water, 1935). However, as far as the reasons for the aggression development are concerned there is no conventional opinion. For instance, many scholars suggest that social interactions play essential role in the development of aggression. Thus, according to McGuire (1973) sociometric status influences the development of aggressive behavior suggesting that â€Å"highly aggressive† preschool boys â€Å"tend to be unpopular rather than popular† (McGuire, 1973, p.547). Bower (2000) also suggests that popularity is one of the key factors which influence aggression. However, although McGuire (1973) reported that aggressive boys were in the majority of cases unpopular, Bower (2000) found that popular boys were characterized by the aggressive behavior and tended to â€Å"sit high on the junior social ladder† (Bower, 2000, p. 52). Although Bower (2000) and McGuire (1973) reported that popularity played the significant role in forming aggressive behavior, Van de Water (1935) found that another social factor contributed to the increasing of amount of aggression. According to Van de Water, pre-school boys are more aggressive than the girls of the same age due to the opinion of the majority that â€Å"all boys fight – it’s just something they have to go through, like measles† (Van de Water, 1935, p.70). Thus, the researcher assumes that boys’ aggression is almost encouraged and girls’ aggression is suppressed. So, the researchers prove that pre-school boys are more aggressive than their female peers but all scholars have their own explanations for that tendency.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, the surveys mentioned above suggest that boys are more aggressive, but further study should be implemented. For instance, all the researches considered above explored the children’s behavior at school. It is still not clear whether the same tendency can be revealed in other environment. To explore this, the present study observed boy’s behavior in parks, playing with their peers. Since the previous research was concluded at school there was interference of adults (teachers) which solved the conflict. Thus, it can be useful to observe children’s behavior when adults do not interfere. These are major points which should be considered in the future researches analyzing pre-school boys’ aggressive behavior. Methodology According to various researches pre-school boys are more aggressive than girls of the same age. This statement is supported by data obtained in kindergartens and schools (Bower, 2000; McGuire, 1973; Van de Water, 1935). Boys behave more aggressively due to social factors: opinion of other peers (popularity) an d tradition (boys always fight). However, these surveys do not raise the question whether boys are more aggressive than girls when no supervision is done since in most cases adults used to interfere in the conflict situation. Thus, it is possible to formulate the hypothesis of the present research as follows: Boys at a young age are more aggressive than girls of the same age when no adult supervision is conducted. To check the hypothesis it is necessary to observe such variables as behavior, gender and age. Thus, the behavioral patterns of males and females of a certain age will be analyzed. To collect the necessary data, the behavior of children playing in the park will be observed. In parks children are usually strangers to each other and there are no established groups of popular and unpopular children. So, children occur in other conditions than they face at kindergarten. Moreover, it is necessary to observe children playing without adults.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Preschool Boys Are More Aggressive than Their Female Peers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, in conflict situations children will have to resolve the conflicts themselves. Perhaps, it will evoke more aggression or vice versa it will lead to less aggressive behavior. To conduct the research it is necessary to observe children’s behavior in a park during ten days. Thus, every day children playing in the same park will be observed during an hour. This will be enough to check the hypothesis. The children of the age of three to five years will participate in the research. Each time no more than four or six children of both sexes (2-3 boys and 2-3 girls) will be observed. This will enable to focus on particular behavioral patterns and implement deeper analysis without distracting to other factors. Total number of children is expected to be about twenty: adults often go to the same places with their chil dren, but there are still many newcomers. As far as the data collected are concerned, first of all, the number of quarrels and the numbers a fights will be noted. Of course, it is necessary to point out the participants (males of females), instigators (males or females). It can be also useful to note the course of quarrel/fight and how the conflict is solved. For analysis of the data obtained it is necessary to implement the mixed data analysis method. According to Howitt and Cramer (2008) this will make the quantitative data â€Å"extended, illustrated or explicated† (Howitt and Cramer, 2008, p.293). Thus, while calculating the amount of aggression in children qualitative methods will help find out the reasons for such behavior depict some significant details. As far as the results are concerned, it is expected that boys will be still characterized by more aggressive behavior than girls with no respect to new circumstances or the absence of adult supervision. Such data will definitely support the hypothesis. However, it is possible that when adults do not watch children behave differently: girls are not told that fighting is bad, boys are not afraid of punishment and can act more aggressively which can result in more aggressive girls’ behavior. Results Subjects. Twenty-four children were observed: among them 12 boys and 12 girls. The children were approximately of the same age, ranging from three and five years. They were observed playing in the park playground within 14 days. The amount of observational time was exceeded (it was planned to devote 10 days to observation) due to necessity to collect more data. Additionally, the children were not supervised during their games, so the interference of adults was quite insignificant. In the majority of cases children resorted to the adults’ assistance after a conflict had taken place. Moreover, many conflicts were solved without interference of adults: children often switched over to other act ivities or were attracted by other objects.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Assessment. The present research is conducted using mixed data analysis method which enables to have more comprehensive understanding. A modified version of an observational technique used in McGuire’s (1973) survey was exploited in the present research to obtain the necessary data. First of all, a checklist assessing the amount of aggression was filled in. The following points were noted in the checklist: Non-Compliance: indifference to other children, unwillingness to share toys or start communicating / playing with others. Interference: teasing others, snatching and/or damaging toys of other children, interfering with activities of other children. Attack: humiliating, controlling actions of others (ordering to do something), revealing open aggression verbally or physically, pushing and fighting. Comments: the reason for the conflict, instigators (male or female), participants (male-male, female-male or female-female). The quantitative data were then calculated and analyzed . These results are illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1. The assessment of aggression in terms of the following factors: non-compliance, interference, attack. Thus, it is possible to point out that boys are more aggressive than girls since the rate of girls’ attacks and interference is significantly lower than that of boys’. Five boys (approximately 42%) revealed physical aggression (had fights or pushed others) and only two girls (approximately 17%) pushed other children. As far as interference is concerned it is necessary to point out that girls are characterized by verbal aggression (teasing) and boys are characterized by snatching and damaging toys of other children. Interestingly, the number of girls does not differ greatly from the number of boys observed in terms of interference (33% of girls and 50%boys). Surprisingly, girls were more non-compliant as compared to boys. Thus, four girls (33%) were rather ignorant: they did not want to start playing with others an d they did not share their toys, whereas, only three boys (25%) were non-compliant. When taking into account all three factors (non-compliance, interference and attack) it is possible to conclude that 28% of girls 39% of boys revealed aggressive behavioral patterns. As far as the qualitative data are concerned it is necessary to point out that the main reasons for aggressive behavior were toys and the place on the playground. The instigators of physical conflicts were boys: four boys initiated physical conflicts and among females only one girl was an instigator of a conflict. It is also important to denote that only few intersexual physical conflicts (one fight started by a boy and several cases of pushing) were observed. In the majority of cases boys revealed aggression towards boys, and girls were aggressive with girls. However, as far as teasing was concerned it is necessary to note that all three types of patterns (male-male, male-female, female-female) were observed. Discussion The present study has provided evidence that pre-school boys are more aggressive than girls of the same age. Pre-school children playing in the park were observed. The children’s behavior was analyzed in terms of their interactions (compliance or non-compliance) and aggressive behavior (interference and attacks). The research has shown that the males revealed physical aggression (snatch toys, push, and fight) more often, whereas the females often resorted to verbal aggression (tease). Notably, the girls were more non-compliant than the boys; many girls did not want to participate in activities with other children or did not want to accept new participants into ongoing activities. It is worth mentioning that the major reasons for aggressive behavior in the children were toys or the place on the playground. Since only a few cases of intersexual conflicts were observed, the present study cannot address those classes of aggression. Prior research has demonstrated that boys were more aggressive than girls which was observed in kindergartens (Bower, 2000; McGuire, 1973; Van de Water, 1935), and the present study advances the field by showing that the same tendency is maintained when little adult supervision is conducted (in the park). This finding is important since it suggests that preschoolers act in the same way without adult supervision and outside established social groups. There are no certain popular or unpopular children, in the majority of cases children are strangers to each others). The present research enables to assume that such social factors as popularity and edification (children are taught that they should not fight) play an important role in the development of aggressive behavior. In the first place many children (mainly boys) tried to gain certain popularity occupying particular places on the playground and deciding who can and who cannot play in the activities started by them. Such situation often led to conflicts. Secondly, even though t here was no explicit adult control over children observed, presumably they are told (as any other children) what is good and what is wrong. Of course, children try to conduct in the â€Å"right† way since they were told so. Thus, even at such a young age children’ behavior is influenced by some edification which is revealed on the playground. The present research also showed that morality influences children’s behavior since, in the majority of cases, boys used to avoid conflicts with girls and physical conflicts were rather rare. This can be a proof that adults teach their children basic principles of morality and children use this knowledge with or without adult supervision. Although the present study extends our understanding of the development of aggressive behavior in preschool children, it is limited by several factors. First of all, the number of the children observed is small. Distortion of results is possible. Secondly, only one park was observed. Howev er, it could be useful to observe children playing in parks located in different parts of the city, so behavior of children pertaining to different social groups can be analyzed. There are a number of directions for future research. Thus, it is possible to focus on the reasons for the development of aggressive behavior in children. The future research can be based on the same observation in parks, but interviewing of parents and children should be also conducted. In this case we will know what reasons for aggression can children and their parents provide. This survey will reveal not only social factors influences the peculiarities of behavior but some personal, psychological factors. Interviewing will help to understand whether aggression is normal for each child, and what the reasons for aggression are. In summary, it is possible to state that preschool boys are more aggressive than girls of the same age which can be observed not only when adult supervision is conducted but when ch ildren occur in some informal situations as well. Thus, the further step in the field is to define the reasons for the development of aggression. This knowledge will enable people to prevent further development of aggressive behavior in children. Reference List Bower, B. (2000, January 22). Boys Show Their Tough Side. Science News, 157(4), 52. Hawley, P.H. (2003, April 15). Strategies of Control, Aggression, and Morality in Preschoolers: An Evolutionary Perspective. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 85, 213–235. Howitt, D., Cramer, D. (2008). Introduction to Research Methods in Psychology. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education. McGuire, J.M. (1973, December). Aggression and Sociometric Status with Preschool Children. Sociometry, 36(4), 542-549. Van de Water, M. (1935, February 2). Girls Fight, Too. The Science News-Letter, 27(721), 70-71. This research paper on Preschool Boys Are More Aggressive than Their Female Peers was written and submitted by user Black Widow/Natasha Romanoff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Speckled Band Essays

Speckled Band Essays Speckled Band Paper Speckled Band Paper Essay Topic: Ray Bradbury Short Stories Holmes is very different to Dr Roylott as Holmes approaches life with an intellectual view, although he is logical; Holmes is just as strong as Roylott even though he is not quite so bulky. With a sudden effort straightened it pout again (page 8). This quote states Holmess physical appearance but also states his strength. The author uses Watson to emphasize Holmess qualities. He does this by comparing the two, A ventilator is made, a cord is hung, and a lady who sleeps I the bed dies. Does that not strike you? (Page 12). This emphasizes that Holmes is a more observant detective than Watson and due to him being more superior, he is put in direct contrast to the enemy, Dr Roylott. In order to compare the two, they must have different personalities. Sherlock Holmes is calm, Dr Roylott is aggressive. Its rational versus irrational behaviour, manners versus rudeness, although they have the same physical strengths. I think the author wanted us, the reader to think that Holmes enjoys challenges, such as Dr Roylott, however, he has nothing to prove. The structure of The Adventure of The Speckled Band is that of a typical detective format in the Victorian era. It is a mystery story in which a crime needs solving as someone is in need of help, in order to prevent a death. This mystery story has been structured in a clever way as it gives out a series of clues, My sister was troubled by the smell of strong Indian cigars and also a series of red herrings which are designed to throw the reader off and so want to solve the crime themselves and read on, for example, the cheetah, the baboon, and the gypsies are all used to play on the readers prejudice. The gypsies do this in a way which the reader thinks they are just trouble as they are thought to steal and attack people. They do this in the same way the cheetah does as they have been branded as vicious, so one can say that they are a stereotype. Because of these clues given out, we get ideas of what really happened to Julia Stoner, and so we follow the clues and try and play detective. We are unable to solve the mystery as Holmes keeps one secret to himself and only releases it at the end, An inspection of the chair showed me that he had been in the habit of standing on it, (page 16).  This makes |Holmes look superior to the reader as he observes a clue that both Watson and the reader are unable to come across. This is a major surprise to the reader as the writer makes sure to hide this very crucial clue to make us, the reader, read on. In a way, this makes the reader feel betrayed by Holmes and the writer as we thought we could trust them. In various parts of the story there are a series of increase in suspense followed by a straight decrease. An example of this is when Holmes and Watson are climbing through the window of Stoke Moran when, what is described to be a hideous and distorted child (page 13) runs out of a bush. At that point I felt tense as I had no idea of the so called child was going to attack, in which case it never and so when I read on to find out that it runs off, releases the tension and a whole lot of suspense.  Although The Whole Towns Sleeping has its differences to The Adventure of The Speckled Band it has many similarities, such as they are both set in places far away from help. A less obvious similarity is the way the two stories use women as victims and potential victims and men as aggressors, which follows the Victorian era. A narrator is a character in which tells and guides the reader through the story.  In The Adventure of The Speckled Band the narrator is Watson. Watson is a first person narrator who, accounts of a case, which happened years before. He is very professional as he keeps a diary of all the cases he and Holmes have come across in the past.  The language used in this story, tells us, the reader, that it is set in the Victorian era, as there are words which are not really used today, for example aperture (page 7). The language is very formal. Due to this, the reader starts to come off the story. Palmer and Pritchard were among the heads of their profession (Page 13). This confuses the reader, as we dont know what they mean. In a way this is a good thing as the reader reads on to find out the meaning and understand what they are trying to say. Conan Doyle used words that the modern reader will be unlikely to come across as they are rarely used in todays society. For instance, Pittance (page 8). I think Conan Doyle did this to point out that the story is that of a Victorian era and also to reflect upon the class and education of him and the characters, as they are all of the upper class community.  The story lacks description and rarely if ever gets an n in-depth to the characters thoughts and feelings. I think the story is in deficient need of emotion as Conan Doyle chose to take a scientific approach. A cause of this is, it makes us, the reader feel less tension and suspense. Suddenly amidst the hubbub of the gale, there burst forth the wild scream of a terrified woman (page 4). This ruins the atmosphere for the reader as the more the author uses Victorian words; the more the atmosphere fades from the readers mind. I think Conan Doyle used Victorian words such as aperture (page 7) instead of doorframe because he wanted us, the reader, to admire him for him being well educated which he used to reflect upon his own superior ego. The narration and language of these two stories are completely different as the story of The Whole Towns Sleeping is far more successful at creating mystery and suspense than that of The Adventure of the Speckled Band.  The Whole Towns Sleeping is third person narrative and the narrator is omniscient, which means they know all and see all. By using this kind of narration, it brings the reader into the story as the way things are described, its as though we, the reader, are actually smelling, tasting, hearing, seeing and feeling everything that the narrator is. For example, I didnt know what terror was, I wouldnt let myself think, (page 9). This makes the reader believe they are Lavinia. Ray Bradbury used a personification technique which made Lavinia Nebbs feel as though she is evil just like the Lonely One. The heat pulsed under your dress and along your legs with a stealthy sense of invasion (page 7). This made the reader feel as though Lavinia has just turned a victim of the lonely one as the heat has just invaded her; in the same way the Lonely One invades his victims. Another technique used by Ray Bradbury was the use of repetition, which he used to describe two things, the ravine and the sense of safe. He repeats the description of the ravine to be dark, quiet and damp ahead was deepness, moistness, fireflies and dark (page 1). I think he repeats this to make ravine sound forbidding and a popular place for the Lonely One to visit, as thats where the murdered body of Elisa Ramsell was found. In contrast to this, Ray Bradbury repeats the word safe to give a feeling of relief, which decreases the readers anxiety. Safe, safe, and safe at home! (Page 9). Although the readers anxiety is decreased, the author creates points of panic to raise the level of anxiety. He does this by shortening sentences and using very descriptive words. At the bottom of the steps. A man, under the light! No, now hes gone! (Page 8). This states what exactly is waiting for Lavinia at the bottom of the ravine, however, it doesnt state whom it is waiting. This builds tension, as neither Lavinina nor the reader knows who the man is. He could be the Lonely One on the break of his monthly sin or maybe a passer by.

Investigating the Employee Perception on the Effectiveness of Training Research Proposal

Investigating the Employee Perception on the Effectiveness of Training and Development in the Food and Beverage Department at the Grand Hyatt Macau - Research Proposal Example The study will be particularly helpful for the management of the Grand Hyatt hotel in Macau as they can explore the existing weakness in the systems and devise strategies to remove these weaknesses. It will also help them to improve the perceptions that the employees have towards the existing management programs.Literature reviewConceptual Framework Definition of training and development According to the definition provided by Armstrong and Taylor (2014), training can be described as a systematic development of attitude, skills, and knowledge that is required to perform an assigned task in a proficient manner. Training and development programs can help an individual to improve his level of skills and achieve superior quality performance.Definition of perception of employeesPerception of employees towards the human resource practices of the organization is grounded in the theory of perceived organizational support. Perceived organizational support can be linked to the aspect of belief or perception that employees have towards their organization. It implies that, if employees feel the organization is committed to their development then they are likely to be more loyal to the organization. According to the research of Klimoski and Donahue (2001), the theory of cognitive psychology describes perception as â€Å"the cognitive event by which a person gives meaning to eac h situation/stimulus accordingly to his/her values, beliefs and attitudes†.The relationship between employee perception and training and developmentThere is a strong relationship between perception of employee and the effectiveness of the training and development programs. The works of researchers like Meyer and Smith (2000) had shown that perceptions about training and development are closely related to the outcome that can be obtained from the training program. Their research had suggested that intrinsic motivation of employees is highly affected by effective training and development programs.

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Research paper - Essay Example This was not always the case, however, as strict notions of sexual norms pervaded society since time immemorial. It was only recently, in the late 19th century, that the right to sexual freedom emerged and gained momentum thru the efforts of activists who risk the scorn of a morally-rigid society. This paper will explore and analyze how events in the 19th to the 20th century caused American society to break its traditional norms and beliefs regarding women’s right to sexual freedom. The Path to Sexuality Prior to the events concerning sexual freedom in the 19th century, America considered women as fragile beings belonging only to the home. Any tendencies for extracurricular sexual thoughts were repressed, generally frowned upon and considered as unnatural. Homosexuality, prostitution or any form of sexual determination by women is conceived as impure. The concept of ownership of one’s own body for women was basically unheard of in a highly patriarchal 19th century Ameri can society. Women were expected to be pure, pious, chaste and capable in domestic affairs. American society cherished the notions of morality where women were expected to have sex only with their husbands while it was acceptable for men to have multiple partners. They were also expected to stay with their husbands even if an affair is uncovered as divorce was not made available to them. Any woman who has sexual contact with another aside from her husband was considered as ruined or fallen. There were cases where girls who had lost their virginity due to rape had been humiliated and casted out of their communities because of engaging pre-marital sex (Forman, 12-14). Sexuality for women had legal and moral repercussions as opposed to men whose sexual activities were highly unrestricted. This social norm was to be greatly challenged thru the activism of Victoria Woodhull, the first ever woman who ran for the United States presidency. Woodhull spoke frankly about the shackles women wer e expected to endure such as loveless marriages and limitations on who to have sexual relationship (Athey, 15-19). According to her, this should not be the case as: ‘To woman, by nature, belongs the right of sexual determination.†¦When woman rises from sexual slavery to sexual freedom, into the ownership and control of her sexual organs, and man is obliged to respect this freedom, then will this instinct become pure and holy; then will woman be raised from the iniquity and morbidness in which she now wallows for existence, and the intensity and glory of her functions be increased a hundred-fold’. (Athey, 16) Woodhull, and so many others until now, challenge this notion as it implicitly depict women as lower than men as the latter is not bound by such restrictions. On Prostitution Selling a woman’s body for sexual pleasure is touted to be the oldest profession in the world yet it is also one of the most prosecuted acts due to pervading notions of immorality a nd inappropriateness. Religious inclinations considered the body as a sacred vessel and prostitution is believed to be an outright violation of moral doctrines as it deviates from the notion of marriage and procreation. Prostitution was a taboo never to be tolerated. The problem, however, is that women who engage in this trade bore the brunt of the stigma. From biblical

Limiting Factors in a Business Situation

Limiting Factors in a Business Situation (a) Explain what a limiting factor is and what sort of things can become limiting factors in a business situation? (16 marks) Limiting factor is any factor that restricts a company or an organisations activities. In other words, limiting factor is a factor which is limited or not enough provide to the company. Limiting factors in an organisation can be labour hours, raw material, machine hours or space. For example, when sales demand excess the productivity capacity, the company do not have enough resources to produce the products, the scarce resource will be the factor that restricts the companys activities. Hence, the scarce resources should be identified to ensure company has enough resources to produce their products as many as their wish. By using limiting factor, we can maximise the profit when obtained the greatest possible contribution to profit each time. Example1: A B C Contribution per unit of output RM 24 RM 20 RM 12 Machine hours required per unit of output 6 hours 2 hours 1 hours Estimated sales demand 3,000 units 3,000 units 3,000 units Required machine hours 18,000 hours 6,000 hours 3,000 hours The machine hour is limited to 18,000 hours for the period because of the breakdown of one machine. Consider Example 1. From the example 1, we know that the company required total 27,000 machine hours to produce the total sales demand of the product A, B and C that they estimated. However, the company only has 18,000 machine hours for the period because of the breakdown of one machine. In this situation, companys activities are limited by the machine hours. When we looking at the above information, we will think that the company should produce the product A first since the contribution per unit of product A is the highest, but this could be wrong. This is because produce each unit of product A required 6 machine hours, but product B required 2 machine hours and product C required 1 machine hours only. So, the company can produce 3,000 units of product B and C respectively first, after that just produce the product A with the remaining machine hours. In other words, if the company concentrates on produce the product A, there will no machine hours left to the company to produce B and C. In order to maxi mize the companys profit, we should use limiting factor to calculate the greatest possible contribution per profit for each product and rank the profitability of the product to obtain the optimum production plan. (b) Explain the techniques that have been developed to assist in business decision- making when single or multiple limiting factors are encountered (16 marks) Single limiting factor- Limiting factor analysis When single limiting factor are encountered, we have to use limiting factor analysis to help companies to identify the scarce resources and maximise profit by using the best combination of available resources. In limiting factor analysis, we should identify the bottleneck resources first. Secondly, we should calculate the contribution per unit for each product. Next, we can calculate the contribution per unit of the bottleneck resource for each product after we get the contribution per unit of each product. After this, we can rank the products from the highest to the lowest in sequence based on contribution per unit of bottleneck resource. Finally, we can allocate the resources from the highest contribution per profit to the lowest contribution per profit by the ranking until the resources are used up. By doing so, we can obtained the greatest possible profit when resources are limited by single limiting factor. Example 2: X Y Machine hours per units 3 hours 4 hours Sales demand 2,000 units 3000 units RM RM Selling price 32 50 Less : Direct Material 10 20 Direct Labour 5 8 Variable Overhead 5 8 20 36 Contribution 12 14 The supply of materials for the period is unlimited, but the machine hours are limited to 15,000 hours. In order to maximize the profit, we should using limiting factor analysis to solve the problem when there is only one limiting factor. Step 1: Identify the bottleneck resource. At sales demand level: Sales demand Machine hours per unit Total machine hours X 2,000 units 3 hours 6,000 hours Y 3,000 units 4 hours 12,000 hours 18,000 hours Thus, machine hours are the limiting factor. Step 2: Calculate the contribution per unit for each product. The contribution has been given at the above. X Y Contribution per unit RM 12 RM 14 Step 3: Calculate the contribution per unit of the bottleneck resource for each product. To calculate the contribution per unit of the bottleneck resource for each product, the formulae is: Contribution per units of the machine hours = Contribution Machine hours Product X = RM 12 3 hours = RM 4.00 Product Y = RM 14 4 hours = RM 3.50 Step 4: Rank the products from the highest contribution per machine hour to lowest contribution per machine hour. Production should be concentrated on product X first, up to maximum sales available, then product Y. Step 5: Finally, allocate the available resources using that ranking that we decided at step 4 and calculate the maximum contribution. Production plan Units produced Machine hours per unit Total machine hours Balance of machine hours 15,000 hours Product X 2,000 units 3 hours 6,000 hours 9,000 hours Product Y 2,250 units 4 hours 9,000 hours So, the maximum contribution is as follows: RM Product X ( 2,000 units x RM 12) 24,000 Product Y (2,250 units x RM 14) 31,500 55,500 Multiple limiting factors- Linear programming We can use limiting factor analysis when there is one limiting factor. However, when there is more than one of scare resources which restricts organisations activities, we can use linear programming to solve the problem. Firstly, we must define the variances when using linear programming. Then, we can define and formulate the objective. After formulate the objective, we also must formulate the constraints. Next, draw a graph to identify the feasible region and get the optimum production plan from the graph. Finally, we can solve the problem and get the maximum contribution by doing so. Example 3: A B Contribution per unit RM 20 RM 10 Machine hours per unit 6 hours 3 hours Kilos per unit 4 kilos 8 kilos Maximum available : Machine hours = 18,000 hours Kilos = 24,000 kilos What should be the production plan? To answer the example 3, we should use linear programming to get the optimum production plan because there is two or more of scarce resources. Step 1: Define the variances Let x = the number of units of the product A. y = the number of units of the product B. Step 2: Define and formulate the objective function. The objective is to maximize the contribution C, given by: Maximum contribution = 20 x + 10 y Step 3: Formulate the constraints. The limitations here are machine hours and kilos. For the machine hours, product A required 6 hours and product B required 3 hours machine hours. So, total machine hours required = 6 x + 3 y For the kilos, product A required 4 kilos and product B required 8 kilos. So, total kilos required = 4 x + 8 y Constraints Utilised Available Machine hours 6 x + 3 y 18,000 Kilos 4 x + 8 y 24,000 Step 4: Draw a graph and identify a feasible region. For the equation 6 x + 3 y = 18,000 machine hours When x = 0, y = 18,000/ 3 = 6,000 When y = 0, x = 18,000/ 6 = 3,000 Draw a straight line between the point (0, 6000) and (3000, 0) on the graph to represent the line for machine hours constraint. For the equation 4 x + 8 y = 24,000 kilos When x = 0, y = 24,000/ 8 = 3,000 When y = 0, x = 24,000/ 4 = 6,000 Draw a straight line between the point (0, 3000) and (6000, 0) on the graph to represent the line for kilos constraint. The graph is shown as below: The original constraints were Step 5: Determine the optimal solution Calculate the total contribution at each point P, Q and R Point P = RM 20 (0) + RM 10 (3,000) = RM 30,000 Point Q = RM 20 (2,000) + RM10 (2,000) = RM 60,000 Point R = RM 20 (1,500) + RM10 (0) = RM 30,000 Point Q gives the maximum contribution. Step 6: Answer the question The optimal point is at x = 2,000 and y = 2,000. This gives a maximum contribution of C = (20 x 2,000) + (10 x 2,000) = RM60, 000 (c) Explain the management idea known as throughput accounting. State and justify your opinion on whether or not throughput accounting and limiting factors are the same thing. (18 marks) For every company to reduce it costs and improve the profitability of the company, managers will use cost accounting to help them on decision-making. Hence, Theory of constraints (TOC) or Throughput accounting (TA) is another method for decision-making apart from Standard Based Costing, Activity Based Costing and Marginal Costing. TOC/TA is a new management accounting approach based on factors identification when the constraints are restricts companies to achieving their goals and reduces companys profits. Throughput accounting is used when there are few constraints only, usually just one. The constraint can be a resource, company policy or management mindset. According to Goldratts ideas, TOC is forecasting on a limit capacity at certain critical points in any production plan. Therefore, TOC maximise organisations profit by increasing the producing speed through an organisation in order to eliminating bottlenecks. Additionally, throughput accounting is not costing because it does not include variable and fixed expenses, and overheads to products. Thus, throughput accounting helps managers to get better management decision in order to improve organisations profits by three measurements. They are: Throughput (T) is the rate of money that a company produced, throughput is total sales (S) less total variable costs (TVC), usually is cost of raw materials ( T = S TVC ). However, T exists even there is only one product are sold. Besides, finished goods of inventory in a warehouse that not yet sold are not included. Investment (I) is total amount of money that invest in a new system to enhance its ability to improve the capacity, for examples machinery. Operating expenses (OE) is all others expenses except the total variables cost when calculate the throughput. Basically, OE is total costs to operating the production system, for examples maintenance, utilities, rental, etc. Fixed or partially fixed costs are no difference in throughput accounting. On the contrary, there have either total variable cost or operating expenses in throughput accounting. Therefore, throughput accounting use difference formulas to make difference types of accounting decisions by combined the throughput, total variable costs and operating expenses: Net profitÂÂ  (NP) = Throughput Operating Expense = T-OE Return on investmentÂÂ  (ROI) = Net profit / Investment = NP/I ProductivityÂÂ  (P) = Throughput / Operating expense = T/OE Investment turnsÂÂ  (IT) = Throughput / Investment = T/I According to Dr. Goldratt, we can use the above formulas to get the right decision when making a decision that related to changes in revenue, expenses or investments, which must get a positive answer from one out of three questions below: Does it increase throughput? Does it reduce operating expense? Does it improve the return on investment? Finally, there are five steps established by Goldratts in the TOC to help managers maximize the throughput and then achieve organisations goals. The five steps are as follows: Identify the system constraints. There is either an internal constraint (in production, engineering or planning.) or an external constraint (in the market)? The constraint is a resource or a policy? Decide how to maximise the output from the constraint. All other activities are prepared subject to this decision. Non-constraints must be subject to constraints. Consider the appropriate level of resources once the resource constraint has been identified. Therefore, the capacity constraints can be improved. Enhance the systems constraints. Once constraint has been corrected, return to Step 1 to determine the next most serious constraints and duplicate the above steps. In my opinion, throughput accounting and limiting factor is not the same thing but there are similarities and differences in between throughput accounting and limiting factor. For example, throughput accounting and limiting factor are using to assist companies identify bottleneck resources instead to maximise companies profits. However, throughput accounting is used when there are few constraints; normally just one but limiting factor is used when there are one or more than one constraints. Besides, limiting factor is focus on working to obtain greatest contributions while throughput accounting is focus on some critical areas that have limited capacity at any production plan. In addition, limiting factor maximise the organisations profit by using the best combination of available resources but throughput accounting is maximise the profit by increase the producing speed through organisation to eliminate bottlenecks. Throughput accounting calculates the products throughput as sales price minus total variable costs. Variable costs or in other words cost of materials in throughout accounting included direct material costs only, labour and overhead costs are fixed and categories to total factory costs. In contrast, limiting factor calculates contribution as sales price minus variable costs but labour and overhead costs are part of variable costs in limiting factor, this is difference from throughput accounting.

Bonds and The Bond Market Essay -- essays papers

Bonds and The Bond Market Given today's uncertain economy, many people are taking time to examine various options for their financial future. Different types of investments are investigated and bonds are one of the more popular choices considered. Many of the same people who talk about investing in bonds, however, do not fully understand them nor where they place in the economy. Many individuals believe that they should simply buy a bond and wait until it matures before cashing it in. These people fail to realize that they may be losing a lot of money due to the fluctuation of bond prices. At some point it may be more profitable for them to sell their bond than to keep it until the payment date is reached. There are many people who do not understand what bonds really are. A bond is an agreement between two separate entities. One of these bodies gives, to the other, use of their money for a period of time and, in return, may receive a "bond". The bond issuer agrees to a fixed rate of return which he will pay the supporting person or business. This fixed rate of return is an amount, in percentages, which is paid at regular intervals until some future specified time ( the "maturity date"). Upon reaching the maturity date, one's original investment is returned to them. As previously mentioned, bonds are one of the more popular types of financial investment in today's economy. There are many reasons why people invest in bonds. For example, if one chooses a stable and profitable bond, it will provide a steady source of income through interest payments during the lifetime of the bond. As well, the risk when investing in a bond is considerably less than for most other forms of investment. The bond does not, for instance, experience the volatility of a stock on the stock market, like many other forms of investment do. Also, in instances where the issuer fails to pay the principal amount back to the bond holder, legal recourse is available. Furthermore, in cases of bankruptcy within large corporations with stock holders, bond holders take priority and are ... ...onsequently the prices of previously purchased bonds decrease. If you are able to hold onto your bond until the maturity date is reached, temporary changes in interest rates will not affect your financial investment; however, if you need to sell the bond before the marked maturity date, you might have to accept LESS than what you paid for it. This volatility can work to your advantage too, because it is possible that your bond could be worth more at the time you decide to sell. This is why it is important to keep up to date on bond prices. You may be able to make money by simply selling your bond before it's maturity date. In conclusion, I would suggest that bonds are a wise venue for anybody wanting to financially invest in different corporations or governments. I would caution, however that when selecting a bond, one should seek the guidance of an experienced investor. By choosing a bond that is right for you and your lifestyle, you have the potential of increasing your profits greatly and going home wealthier and happier.

Cover Note Essay

â€Å"The Relation of Science and Religion† is a transcript of a talk given by Dr. Feynman at the Caltech YMCA Lunch Forum on May 2, 1956. In this age of specialization men who thoroughly know one field are often incompetent to discuss another. The great problems of the relations between one and another aspect of human activity have for this reason been discussed less and less in public. When we look at the past great debates on these subjects we feel jealous of those times, for we should have liked the excitement of such argument. The old problems, such as the relation of science and religion, are still with us, and I believe present as difficult dilemmas as ever, but they are not often publicly discussed because of the limitations of specialization. But I have been interested in this problem for a long time and would like to discuss it. In view of my very evident lack of knowledge and understanding of religion (a lack which will grow more apparent as we proceed), I will organize the discussion in this way: I will suppose that not one man but a group of men are discussing the problem, that the group consists of specialists in many fields – the various sciences, the various religions and so on – and that we are going to discuss the problem from various sides, like a panel. Each is to give his point of view, which may be molded and modified by the later discussion. Further, I imagine that someone has been chosen by lot to be the first to present his views, and I am he so chosen. I would start by presenting the panel with a problem: A young man, brought up in a religious family, studies a science, and as a result he comes to doubt – and perhaps later to disbelieve in – his father’s God. Now, this is not an isolated example; it happens time and time again. Although I have no statistics on this, I believe that many scientists – in fact, I actually believe that more than half of the scientists – really disbelieve in their father’s God; that is, they don’t believe in a God in a conventional sense. Now, since the belief in a God is a central feature of religion, this problem that I have selected points up most strongly the problem of the relation of science and religion. Why does this young man come to disbelieve? The first answer we might hear is very simple: You see, he is taught by scientists, and (as I have just pointed out) they are all atheists at heart, so the evil is spread from one to another. But if you can entertain this view, I think you know less of science than I know of religion. Another answer may be that a little knowledge is dangerous; this young man has learned a little bit and thinks he knows it all, but soon he will grow out of this sophomoric sophistication and come to realize that the world is more complicated, and he will begin again to understand that there must be a God. I don’t think it is necessary that he come out of it. There are many scientists – men who hope to call themselves mature – who still don’t believe in God. In fact, as I would like to explain later, the answer is not that the young man thinks he knows it all – it is the exact opposite. A third answer you might get is that this young man really doesn’t understand science correctly. I do not believe that science can disprove the existence of God; I think that is impossible. And if it is impossible, is not a belief in science and in a God – an ordinary God of religion — a consistent possibility? Yes, it is consistent. Despite the fact that I said that more than half of the scientists don’t believe in God, many scientists do believe in both science and God, in a perfectly consistent way. But this consistency, although possible, is not easy to attain, and I would like to try to discuss two things: Why it is not easy to attain, and whether it is worth attempting to attain it. When I say â€Å"believe in God,† of course, it is always a puzzle – what is God? What I mean is the kind of personal God, characteristic of the western religions, to whom you pray and who has something to do with creating the universe and guiding you in morals. For the student, when he learns about science, there are two sources of difficulty in trying to weld science and religion together. The first source of difficulty is this – that it is imperative in science to doubt; it is absolutely necessary, for progress in science, to have uncertainty as a fundamental part of your inner nature. To make progress in understanding we must remain modest and allow that we do not know. Nothing is certain or proved beyond all doubt. You investigate for curiosity, because it is unknown, not because you know the answer. And as you develop more information in the sciences, it is not that you are finding out the truth, but that you are finding out that this or that is more or less likely. That is, if we investigate further, we find that the statements of science are not of what is true and what is not true, but statements of what is known to different degrees of certainty: â€Å"It is very much more likely that so and so is true than that it is not true;† or â€Å"such and such is almost certain but there is still a little bit of doubt;† or – at the other extreme – â€Å"well, we really don’t know. † Every one of the concepts of science is on a scale graduated somewhere between, but at neither end of, absolute falsity or absolute truth. It is necessary, I believe, to accept this idea, not only for science, but also for other things; it is of great value to acknowledge ignorance. It is a fact that when we make decisions in our life we don’t necessarily know that we are making them correctly; we only think that we are doing the best we can – and that is what we should do. Attitude of uncertainty I think that when we know that we actually do live in uncertainty, then we ought to admit it; it is of great value to realize that we do not know the answers to different questions. This attitude of mind – this attitude of uncertainty – is vital to the scientist, and it is this attitude of mind which the student must first acquire. It becomes a habit of thought. Once acquired, one cannot retreat from it any more. What happens, then, is that the young man begins to doubt everything because he cannot have it as absolute truth. So the question changes a little bit from â€Å"Is there a God? † to â€Å"How sure is it that there is a God? † This very subtle change is a great stroke and represents a parting of the ways between science and religion. I do not believe a real scientist can ever believe in the same way again. Although there are scientists who believe in God, I do not believe that they think of God in the same way as religious people do. If they are consistent with their science, I think that they say something like this to themselves: â€Å"I am almost certain there is a God. The doubt is very small. † That is quite different from saying, â€Å"I know that there is a God. † I do not believe that a scientist can ever obtain that view – that really religious understanding, that real knowledge that there is a God – that absolute certainty which religious people have. Of course this process of doubt does not always start by attacking the question of the existence of God. Usually special tenets, such as the question of an afterlife, or details of the religious doctrine, such as details of Christ’s life, come under scrutiny first. It is more interesting, however, to go right into the central problem in a frank way, and to discuss the more extreme view which doubts the existence of God. Once the question has been removed from the absolute, and gets to sliding on the scale of uncertainty, it may end up in very different positions. In many cases it comes out very close to being certain. But on the other hand, for some, the net result of close scrutiny of the theory his father held of God may be the claim that it is almost certainly wrong. Belief in God – and the facts of science That brings us to the second difficulty our student has in trying to weld science and religion: Why does it often end up that the belief in God – at least, the God of the religious type – is considered to be very unreasonable, very unlikely? I think that the answer has to do with the scientific things – the facts or partial facts – that the man learns. For instance, the size of the universe is very impressive, with us on a tiny particle whirling around the sun, among a hundred thousand million suns in this galaxy, itself among a billion galaxies. Again, there is the close relation of biological man to the animals, and of one form of life to another. Man is a latecomer in a vast evolving drama; can the rest be but a scaffolding for his creation? Yet again, there are the atoms of which all appears to be constructed, following immutable laws. Nothing can escape it; the stars are made of the same stuff, and the animals are made of the same stuff, but in such complexity as to mysteriously appear alive – like man himself. It is a great adventure to contemplate the universe beyond man, to think of what it means without man – as it was for the great part of its long history, and as it is in the great majority of places. When this objective view is finally attained, and the mystery and majesty of matter are appreciated, to then turn the objective eye back on man viewed as matter, to see life as part of the universal mystery of greatest depth, is to sense an experience which is rarely described. It usually ends in laughter, delight in the futility of trying to understand. These scientific views end in awe and mystery, lost at the edge in uncertainty, but they appear to be so deep and so impressive that the theory that it is all arranged simply as a stage for God to watch man’s struggle for good and evil seems to be inadequate. So let us suppose that this is the case of our particular student, and the conviction grows so that he believes that individual prayer, for example, is not heard. (I am not trying to disprove the reality of God; I am trying to give you some idea of – some sympathy for – the reasons why many come to think that prayer is meaningless. ) Of course, as a result of this doubt, the pattern of doubting is turned next to ethical problems, because, in the religion which he learned, moral problems were connected with the word of God, and if the God doesn’t exist, what is his word? But rather surprisingly, I think, the moral problems ultimately come out relatively unscathed; at first perhaps the student may decide that a few little things were wrong, but he often reverses his opinion later, and ends with no fundamentally different moral view. There seems to be a kind of independence in these ideas. In the end, it is possible to doubt the divinity of Christ, and yet to believe firmly that it is a good thing to do unto your neighbor as you would have him do unto you. It is possible to have both these views at the same time; and I would say that I hope you will find that my atheistic scientific colleagues often carry themselves well in society. Communism and the scientific viewpoint I would like to remark, in passing, since the word â€Å"atheism† is so closely connected with â€Å"communism,† that the communist views are the antithesis of the scientific, in the sense that in communism the answers are given to all the questions – political questions as well as moral ones – without discussion and without doubt. The scientific viewpoint is the exact opposite of this; that is, all questions must be doubted and discussed; we must argue everything out – observe things, check them, and so change them. The democratic government is much closer to this idea, because there is discussion and a chance of modification. One doesn’t launch the ship in a definite direction. It is true that if you have a tyranny of ideas, so that you know exactly what has to be true, you act very decisively, and it looks good – for a while. But soon the ship is heading in the wrong direction, and no one can modify the direction any more. So the uncertainties of life in a democracy are, I think, much more consistent with science. Although science makes some impact on many religious ideas, it does not affect the moral content. Religion has many aspects; it answers all kinds of questions. First, for example, it answers questions about what things are, where they come from, what man is, what God is – the properties of God, and so on. Let me call this the metaphysical aspect of religion. It also tells us another thing – how to behave. Leave out of this the idea of how to behave in certain ceremonies, and what rites to perform; I mean it tells us how to behave in life in general, in a moral way. It gives answers to moral questions; it gives a moral and ethical code. Let me call this the ethical aspect of religion. Now, we know that, even with moral values granted, human beings are very weak; they must be reminded of the moral values in order that they may be able to follow their consciences. It is not simply a matter of having a right conscience; it is also a question of maintaining strength to do what you know is right. And it is necessary that religion give strength and comfort and the inspiration to follow these moral views. This is the inspirational aspect of religion. It gives inspiration not only for moral conduct – it gives inspiration for the arts and for all kinds of great thoughts and actions as well. Interconnections These three aspects of religion are interconnected, and it is generally felt, in view of this close integration of ideas, that to attack one feature of the system is to attack the whole structure. The three aspects are connected more or less as follows: The moral aspect, the moral code, is the word of God – which involves us in a metaphysical question. Then the inspiration comes because one is working the will of God; one is for God; partly one feels that one is with God. And this is a great inspiration because it brings one’s actions in contact with the universe at large. So these three things are very well interconnected. The difficulty is this: that science occasionally conflicts with the first of the three categories – the metaphysical aspect of religion. For instance, in the past there was an argument about whether the earth was the center of the universe – whether the earth moved around the sun or stayed still. The result of all this was a terrible strife and difficulty, but it was finally resolved – with religion retreating in this particular case. More recently there was a conflict over the question of whether man has animal ancestry. The result in many of these situations is a retreat of the religious metaphysical view, but nevertheless, there is no collapse of the religion. And further, there seems to be no appreciable or fundamental change in the moral view. After all, the earth moves around the sun – isn’t it best to torn the other cheek? Does it make any difference whether the earth is standing still or moving around the son? We can expect conflict again. Science is developing and new things will be found out which will he in disagreement with the presentday metaphysical theory of certain religions. In fact, even with all the past retreats of religion, there is still real conflict for particular individuals when they learn about the science and they have heard about the religion. The thing has not been integrated very well; there are real conflicts here – and yet morals are not affected. As a matter of fact, the conflict is doubly difficult in this metaphysical region. Firstly, the facts may be in conflict, but even if the facts were not in conflict, the attitude is different. The spirit of uncertainty in science is an attitude toward the metaphysical questions that is quite different from the certainty and faith that is demanded in religion. There is definitely a conflict, I believe – both in fact and in spirit – over the metaphysical aspects of religion. In my opinion, it is not possible for religion to find a set of metaphysical ideas which will be guaranteed not to get into conflicts with an everadvancing and alwayschanging science which is going into an unknown. We don’t know how to answer the questions; it is impossible to find an answer which someday will not be found to be wrong. The difficulty arises because science and religion are both trying to answer questions in the same realm here. Science and moral questions On the other hand, I don’t believe that a real conflict with science will arise in the ethical aspect, because I believe that moral questions are outside of the scientific realm. Let me give three or four arguments to show why I believe this. In the first place, there have been conflicts in the past between the scientific and the religious view about the metaphysical aspect and, nevertheless, the older moral views did not collapse, did not change. Second, there are good men who practice Christian ethics and who do not believe in the divinity of Christ. They find themselves in no inconsistency here. Thirdly, although I believe that from time to time scientific evidence is found which may be partially interpreted as giving some evidence of some particular aspect of the life of Christ, for example, or of other religious metaphysical ideas, it seems to me that there is no scientific evidence bearing on the golden rule. It seems to me that that is somehow different. Now, let’s see if I can make a little philosophical explanation as to why it is different – how science cannot affect the fundamental basis of morals. The typical human problem, and one whose answer religion aims to supply, is always of the following form: Should I do this? Should we do this? Should the government do this? To answer this question we can resolve it into two parts: First — If I do this, what will happen? – and second – Do I want that to happen? What would come of it of value – of good? Now a question of the form: If I do this, what will happen?is strictly scientific. As a matter of fact, science can be defined as a method for, and a body of information obtained by, trying to answer only questions which can be put into the form: If I do this, what will happen? The technique of it, fundamentally, is: Try it and see. Then you put together a large amount of information from such experiences. All scientists will agree that a question – any question, philosophical or other – which cannot be put into the form that can be tested by experiment (or, in simple terms, that cannot be put into the form: If I do this, what will happen?) is not a scientific question; it is outside the realm of science. I claim that whether you want something to happen or not – what value there is in the result, and how you judge the value of the result (which is the other end of the question: Should I do this? ) – must lie outside of science because it is not a question that you can answer only by knowing what happens; you still have to judge what happens – in a moral way. So, for this theoretical reason I think that there is a complete consistency between the moral view – or the ethical aspect of religion – and scientific information. Turning to the third aspect of religion – the inspirational aspect – brings me to the central question that I would like to present to this imaginary panel. The source of inspiration today – for strength and for comfort – in any religion is very closely knit with the metaphysical aspect; that is, the inspiration comes from working for God, for obeying his will, feeling one with God. Emotional ties to the moral code – based in this manner – begin to be severely weakened when doubt, even a small amount of doubt, is expressed as to the existence of God; so when the belief in God becomes uncertain, this particular method of obtaining inspiration fails. I don’t know the answer to this central problem – the problem of maintaining the real value of religion, as a source of strength and of courage to most men, while, at the same time, not requiring an absolute faith in the metaphysical aspects. The heritages of Western civilization Western civilization, it seems to me, stands by two great heritages. One is the scientific spirit of adventure – the adventure into the unknown, an unknown which must be recognized as being unknown in order to be explored; the demand that the unanswerable mysteries of the universe remain unanswered; the attitude that all is uncertain; to summarize it – the humility of the intellect. The other great heritage is Christian ethics – the basis of action on love, the brotherhood of all men, the value of the individual – the humility of the spirit. These two heritages are logically, thoroughly consistent. But logic is not all; one needs one’s heart to follow an idea. If people are going back to religion, what are they going back to? Is the modern church a place to give comfort to a man who doubts Godmore, one who disbelieves in God? Is the modern church a place to give comfort and encouragement to the value of such doubts? So far, have we not drawn strength and comfort to maintain the one or the other of these consistent heritages in a way which attacks the values of the other? Is this unavoidable? How can we draw inspiration to support these two pillars of western civilization so that they may stand together in full vigor, mutually unafraid? Is this not the central problem of our time? I put it up to the panel for discussion.